Choline trimethylaminoethanol is involved in the synthesis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. 4 7 because of its wide ranging role in human metabolism from cell structure to neurotransmitter synthesis choline deficiency is now thought to have an impact on diseases such as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease atherosclerosis via lipoprotein secretion and possibly neurological disorders.
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Choline also plays important roles in modulating gene expression cell membrane signaling lipid transport and metabolism and early brain development 12.
Choline synthesis in humans. The cation appears in the head groups of phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin two classes of phospholipid that are abundant in cell membranes. This means its required for normal bodily function and human health. Choline kinase converts choline and atp to phosphocholine and adp.
Nerves use choline to make acetylcholine which acts as a messenger between nerves a huge variety of nerves. Choline is involved in maintaining cell membrane integrity and regulating of neuronal firing. It is classified as neither a vitamin nor a mineral.
Choline is a precursor to the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. However it is known that human cells grown in culture have an absolute requirement for choline eagle 1955 and recent studies have established that choline is indeed an essential nutrient for normal humans when methionine is not available in excess of requirements zeisel et al 1991 see discussion below. Choline kinase is the first enzymatic step in the synthesis of pc.
Choline is an essential nutrient 2. Choline and choline metabolites can be traced in cells and tissues in vitro and in vivo by means of multinuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy mrs. In yeast there is a sole choline kinase encoded by cki1 while in humans there are two choline kinaseencoding genes chka and chkb often referred to as cka and ckb 40 43 71.
Although small amounts of it can be made in the liver the majority must be obtained from the diet. 8 therefore getting adequate choline in the diet is important throughout life for optimal health. Choline is the precursor for the neurotransmitter acetylcholine which is involved in many functions including memory and muscle control.
Humans can produce choline endogenously in the liver mostly as phosphatidylcholine but the amount that the body naturally synthesizes is not sufficient to meet human needs. Choline is a vitamin like essential nutrient and a methyl donor involved in many physiological processes including normal metabolism and transport of lipids methylation reactions and neurotransmitter synthesis. Nerves use choline to make acetylcholine which acts as a messenger between nerves a huge variety of nerves.
Choline is an organic water soluble compound. Dimethylanimoethanol is the immediate precursor of trimethylaminoethanol. As a result humans must obtain some choline from the diet.
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